Why did the Liberal Party form a minority government after the 2019 election?

In the 2019 Canadian federal election, the Liberal Party formed a minority government because it failed to secure the 170 seats required for a majority in the House of Commons. Although the party won 157 seats, this was 13 seats shy of a majority and 27 fewer than it had won in the 2015 election.1

Several factors influenced the outcome:
* Popular Vote: The Conservative Party narrowly won the popular vote, capturing approximately 34 percent compared to the Liberals' 33 percent.1
* Regional Shifts: The Bloc Québécois saw a significant surge in support, particularly in Quebec, where it increased its seat count from 10 to 32, largely at the expense of the New Democratic Party (NDP).1
* Campaign Challenges: During the campaign, Justin Trudeau faced controversy following the emergence of photos and a video from his past showing him in "brownface" and "blackface," which led to public apologies and prompted questions regarding his commitment to inclusivity.1

As a result of these factors, the Liberals were forced to rely on the support of other parties in the House of Commons to advance their policy objectives.1