Why did the Copernican model not immediately convince all astronomers?

The Copernican model did not immediately convince all astronomers for several scientific, philosophical, and practical reasons:

• Quantitative Accuracy: Because Copernicus insisted on using uniform circular motion, his model required numerous additional circles (epicycles) to match observed planetary positions. Consequently, his system was not necessarily more accurate than the Ptolemaic system and, without these adjustments, was often quantitatively poorer.12
• Physical and Philosophical Conflicts: Adopting a moving Earth required abandoning established Aristotelian natural philosophy. Critics struggled to explain how a heavy, transient Earth could move through the heavens, or why objects would fall to a moving Earth.3
• Lack of Observational Proof: At the time, there was no direct observational evidence for Earth's motion. Proponents could not explain why the relative positions of the stars appeared unchanged despite Earth's movement, a discrepancy that had historically hindered the acceptance of heliocentrism.4
• Complexity: While the heliocentric model offered a simpler conceptual order for the planets, the mathematical complexity required to maintain precision meant it was often used by astronomers merely as a tool for calculation rather than as a description of physical reality.51