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Why did legends claim that Sylvester II learned magic in Spain?

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Sylvester II Sylvester II, detail from the ivory vessel used at the consecration of Otto III, 996; in the Domschatzkammer des Aachener Domes, Aachen, Ger.

Legends claiming that Sylvester II (born Gerbert of Aurillac) learned magic in Spain arose because of his extraordinary scholarly achievements, which were far beyond the understanding of many of his contemporaries.1

During his early life, Gerbert spent three years in Spain at the monastery of Santa María de Ripoll, where he studied the quadrivium and gained access to advanced knowledge, including the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals. His profound expertise in subjects such as mathematics, astronomy, and the construction of complex devices—like timepieces and celestial globes—was so advanced for the 10th century that it fostered suspicion and awe.1

Because much of this knowledge was transmitted through Arabic scientific sources, his association with Spain—a region then influenced by Islamic culture—led people to attribute his intellectual prowess to supernatural origins rather than rigorous study. Consequently, legends emerged suggesting his learning was derived from magical arts, the devil’s coaching, or even an artificial head that answered his questions.12