Why did Justin Trudeau resign as Liberal leader and prime minister in 2025?

Justin Trudeau announced his resignation as Liberal leader and prime minister on January 6, 2025, following a period of significant political pressure and declining popularity for his government.1

Several factors contributed to this decision:

• Political Instability: The Liberal government faced "anti-incumbent headwinds" driven by rising inflation and a shortage of affordable housing. The party's standing was further weakened in September 2024 when the New Democratic Party (NDP) ended its support agreement with the Liberals, leaving the government in a precarious position against repeated no-confidence motions from the Conservatives.1
• Leadership Departures: In December 2024, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland abruptly resigned. In her resignation letter, she expressed doubts regarding Trudeau’s handling of looming economic challenges, specifically threats from U.S. President-elect Donald Trump to impose a 25 percent tariff on Canadian goods.1
• Internal and External Pressure: Following Freeland's departure, a chorus of Liberal voices urged Trudeau to step down. With the NDP signaling its intent to bring a vote of no confidence, Trudeau resigned to allow the Liberal Party to select a new leader, eventually leading to the appointment of Mark Carney as prime minister in March 2025.1