Who were the three leading scientists known as the triumvirate of early physical chemistry?

The three scientists known as the "triumvirate" of the new school of physical chemistry were:

• Wilhelm Ostwald: A Russian-German chemist who systematized the field and founded the Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie.12
• Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff: A Dutch chemist known for his work on chemical dynamics, thermodynamics, and osmotic pressure.23
• Svante Arrhenius: A Swedish chemist whose theory of electrolytic dissociation became a foundational pillar of the new physical chemistry.24

Together, these three scientists combined their work to develop a comprehensive theory of solutions based on thermodynamics and dissociation theory, establishing physical chemistry as a distinct and acknowledged branch of science.23