Which sources did Thomas Cranmer use to argue for Henry VIII’s annulment?

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To support Henry VIII’s desire for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, Thomas Cranmer authored a propaganda treatise that defended the king's position using three primary sources of authority:

  • Scripture: Biblical texts used to interpret the validity of the marriage.
  • The Fathers: The writings of the early Church Fathers.
  • Decrees of general councils: The formal rulings and canons established by historical church councils.

Cranmer was commissioned to write this defense after meeting with the king's councillors, Stephen Gardiner and Edward Fox, in 1529. Following the completion of the treatise, he was tasked with defending these arguments before the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and he later served as part of an embassy to Rome to plead the cause.1