Which resources did Nubia provide to Egypt under Thutmose III?

Under the reign of Thutmose III, Egypt established a formal imperial administration in Nubia, transforming the region into a key source of wealth for the Egyptian state.

Nubia provided a variety of valuable resources to Egypt, which were categorized by their region of origin:

• From Lower Nubia: The region supplied gold extracted from the desert, as well as hard and semiprecious stones.1
• From farther south: Egypt obtained tropical African woods, perfumes, oil, ivory, animal skins, and ostrich plumes.1

To secure these resources, Thutmose III integrated Nubia into the Egyptian economy by turning much of the land into estates for Egyptian institutions. Nubian fortresses were repurposed as administrative centers, and the local population was increasingly assimilated into the Egyptian cultural and political sphere, with the sons of local chiefs often educated at the Egyptian court.1