Which other Asian kingdoms were asked to pay tribute to Kublai Khan?

To restore the prestige of China and establish it as the center of the world, Kublai Khan demanded tribute from several peripheral kingdoms in Asia. These included:

• Myanmar (Burma)
• Annam and Champa in mainland Southeast Asia
• Java (in modern Indonesia)
• Japan1

These demands often led to costly and troublesome colonial wars. Notably, the campaigns against Japan in 1274 and 1281 ended in failure, with the Mongol fleets being largely destroyed by storms—fabled as the kamikaze typhoons—and Japanese resistance.12