Which musical features of the Mannheim school influenced Ludwig van Beethoven?

Ludwig van Beethoven was significantly influenced by the musical features of the Mannheim school, which served as a foundational element in his early development in Bonn. These features, which he integrated into his own musical personality, include:1

• Dynamic Contrasts: Beethoven adopted the Mannheim preoccupation with extreme shifts between piano (soft) and forte (loud), often utilizing them to create dramatic tension.1
• Unexpected Outbursts: He frequently employed sudden, surprising dynamic changes that departed from traditional phrasing.1
• Mannheim Rockets: Beethoven utilized wide-leaping arpeggio figures that conclude with explosive effects, a signature device of the Mannheim composers.1

While these effects were often used as occasional stylistic devices by other composers, they became fundamental to Beethoven’s work. By incorporating these elements, Beethoven helped liberate instrumental music from its traditional dependence on vocal styles, effectively acting as the final and most significant successor to the Mannheim tradition.1