Which modern philosophers did Bernard Williams study in his published works?

In his published works, the English philosopher Bernard Williams engaged with several prominent modern thinkers. His writings specifically include studies and analyses of:

• René Descartes: Williams explored the ideal of scientific objectivity in his book Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (1978).1
• Friedrich Nietzsche: Williams admired Nietzsche’s genealogical method, viewing it as a valuable tool for historical self-exploration.1
• Ludwig Wittgenstein: Williams wrote about the influential Austrian-British philosopher as part of his versatile body of work.1

Additionally, while not necessarily the subject of dedicated studies, Williams frequently critiqued the traditions established by Immanuel Kant and David Hume, as well as the utilitarianism tradition, to challenge prevailing views on moral objectivity and human motivation. He also engaged with the work of his contemporary, W.V.O. Quine, whose influence helped shift the focus of philosophy toward scientific models of understanding, a trend Williams resisted.1