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Which imperial rights did Frederick I give up in the Peace of Constance?

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Medieval manuscript miniature showing Frederick I as a crowned crusader holding an orb and scepter, with Henry of Schaftlarn kneeling and presenting a book to him. — Frederick I Frederick I as a Crusader with (right) Henry of Schäftlarn dedicating to him a copy of the *History of the First Crusade* by Robert of St. Remy; miniature from a manuscript in the Vatican Library.

In the Peace of Constance of 1183, Frederick I Barbarossa was forced to concede significant authority to the Lombard League following his military defeat at the Battle of Legnano.12

While Frederick retained the formal fealty of the Lombard cities, he effectively gave up his direct control over their internal governance. Specifically, he granted the cities communal liberties and jurisdiction, which allowed them to manage their own local affairs and legal matters. Although his ultimate sovereignty was nominally recognized, this agreement fatally compromised the emperor's practical power and administrative reach within northern Italy.12