Which democratic tools did Sun Yat-sen support in the Three Principles of the People?

In his political doctrine known as the Three Principles of the People, Sun Yat-sen advocated for the principle of minquan, or "rights of the people," to establish democracy in China.1

To ensure that the Chinese people could effectively control their government, Sun supported the implementation of four specific democratic tools:

• Election: The process by which citizens choose their representatives.1
• Initiative: The power of citizens to propose new legislation.1
• Referendum: The ability of citizens to vote directly on proposed laws or policies.1
• Recall: The mechanism allowing citizens to remove elected officials from office before their term expires.1

These devices were intended to empower the populace and safeguard their rights within the framework of his proposed Five-Power Constitution, which sought to balance modern Western administrative structures with traditional Chinese governance components.12