Which countries were the leading powers in the Concert of Europe?

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Klemens von Metternich Klemens von Metternich, black and white chalk drawing by Anton Graff, c. 1803–05; in the Dresden State Art Collections, Dresden, Germany.

The leading powers that established the Concert of Europe were the four victorious nations of the Napoleonic Wars: Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain.12

Following the defeat of Napoleon, these four powers signed the Quadruple Alliance in November 1815, which formalized their commitment to consult on common interests and maintain peace across the continent. By 1818, at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, France was admitted to the Concert, becoming the fifth great power within this system of international governance.2