Which ancient writers most influenced Giambattista Vico’s early thought?

In his early intellectual development, Giambattista Vico was primarily influenced by the Greek philosopher Plato, whom he encountered during his extensive reading.1

As his critical spirit evolved, Vico turned his attention to two other significant figures:
* Tacitus: A Roman historian whose work provided a stark contrast to idealistic philosophy.1
* Niccolò Machiavelli: An Italian statesman and political philosopher who, like Tacitus, portrayed humanity as it is rather than as it should be.1

These thinkers helped Vico develop a framework based on contrasts—such as those between nature and spirit, or the soul and the body—which became central to his unique philosophical perspective. While he was largely self-taught and often critical of the arid Scholasticism taught in his formal schooling, these ancient and Renaissance writers were instrumental in shaping his independent approach to history and human nature.1