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Which Muslim communities recognized Usman dan Fodio’s authority by 1805–06?
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By 1805–1806, the caliphal authority of Usman dan Fodio was recognized by the leaders of the Muslim communities in the following areas:
These communities were part of the broader movement that emerged following the jihad declared by Usman dan Fodio in 1804. While his call to reform resonated across a wider region—eventually influencing areas such as Bauchi, Gombe, Adamawa, Nupe, and Ilorin—the specific recognition of his authority by the aforementioned leaders was established by the 1805–1806 period as the Sokoto caliphate began to take shape.21