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Which German scientists did Ivan Pavlov study under?
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During his time in Germany from 1884 to 1886, the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov conducted research under the guidance of two prominent German scientists:
- Carl Ludwig: A cardiovascular physiologist based in Leipzig.12
- Rudolf Heidenhain: A gastrointestinal physiologist based in Breslau.12
Working with these experts significantly influenced Pavlov's later career, particularly his pioneering research into the circulatory system and the secretory activity of digestion.2