Which Franciscan thinkers found protection at Louis IV’s court in Munich?

Several prominent Franciscan thinkers sought refuge at the court of Emperor Louis IV in Munich after fleeing the papacy due to conflicts over the doctrine of evangelical poverty and the authority of Pope John XXII.

The Franciscan figures who found protection under Louis IV included:

• William of Ockham: A renowned philosopher and theologian who fled Avignon in 1328. He became a staunch defender of the emperor and the Franciscan ideal of poverty, writing extensively against papal claims to absolute power.1
• Michael of Cesena: The Franciscan minister general who led the flight from Avignon alongside Ockham and Bonagratia of Bergamo after being summoned by the pope regarding the order's disputes over property ownership.1
• Bonagratia of Bergamo: A doctor of civil and canon law who was persecuted for his opposition to the pope's stance on Franciscan poverty and accompanied Michael of Cesena and Ockham to the imperial court.1

While not a Franciscan, the political philosopher Marsilius of Padua also found sanctuary at Louis IV’s court in Munich, where he remained for the rest of his life after being condemned as a heretic for his criticism of papal politics.2