What subjects did Hermann von Helmholtz study during his career?

Hermann von Helmholtz was a polymath whose career spanned several scientific and philosophical disciplines. He made fundamental contributions to the following fields:

• Physiology: He conducted pioneering research on nerve impulses, animal heat, and the human eye, famously refuting vitalism by demonstrating that biological processes follow physical and chemical laws.12
• Physics: His work was central to the development of classical mechanics, particularly his formulation of the conservation of energy. He also studied optics, electrodynamics, electricity, magnetism, and wave motion.123
• Mathematics: He applied advanced mathematical analysis to physical problems, including hydrodynamics and non-Euclidean geometry.2
• Philosophy: He analyzed the philosophical assumptions underlying 19th-century science, specifically rejecting Nature philosophy in favor of empiricism.12
• Meteorology: In his later years, he applied his knowledge of energy transfer and wave motion to meteorological phenomena.13

Additionally, his interdisciplinary approach integrated his interests in sound and music into his scientific research.23