What subjects did Claude Bernard study in his later lectures on animals and plants?

In his later career, the French physiologist Claude Bernard shifted his scientific focus toward broader biological inquiries. During this period, he delivered lectures that explored phenomena common to both animals and plants. These lectures were published posthumously.1

In addition to these studies, Bernard began research into fermentation, the findings of which were also published after his death by Marcellin Berthelot. These later investigations represented a departure from his earlier, more specialized work on the pancreas and liver, reflecting his evolution into a philosopher of science who sought to establish medicine on the foundation of experimental physiology.12