What sounds of nature are represented in Antonio Vivaldi’s Spring concerto?

In his Spring concerto, Antonio Vivaldi utilizes program music to evoke various sounds of nature described in the accompanying sonnet. These include:1

• Birds: Represented by happy songs that welcome the arrival of spring.1
• Water and Wind: The music mimics the sweet murmuring of flowing brooks and the sound of gentle breezes.1
• Storms: Thunder and lightning are depicted as they herald a storm, after which the birds resume their songs.1
• Meadow sounds: The movement features the gentle murmuring of leaves and plants in a blossom-filled meadow.1
• Animals: The barking of a goatherd’s faithful dog is marked in the viola section during the middle movement.1

These elements demonstrate Vivaldi’s technique of translating poetic lines directly into musical expression.1