What political ideas did Oskar Kokoschka criticize in the Dresden Manifesto?

In his 1920 "Dresden Manifesto," the Austrian painter and writer Oskar Kokoschka denounced all forms of political militancy.1

Following his disillusionment with the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolshevik regime, Kokoschka came to view revolution as a purely destructive force. He criticized militant political ideologies for their fundamental lack of human concern, moving away from his earlier belief that revolution was inherently linked to humanitarianism. This manifesto marked a period where political and humanitarian themes temporarily disappeared from his creative work as he rejected the violence and extremism he associated with such movements.1