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What materials and masses were used in Henry Cavendish’s torsion balance?
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In his famous 1797–98 experiment, Henry Cavendish utilized a torsion balance apparatus originally designed by John Michell to measure the gravitational attraction between lead spheres.1
The apparatus consisted of the following components:
- Smaller Spheres: A lead sphere weighing 0.73 kg (1.6 pounds) was suspended from each end of a wooden rod.1
- Larger Spheres: A much larger lead sphere weighing 158 kg (348 pounds) was placed near each of the smaller spheres.1
The gravitational attraction between these pairs of weights caused the rod to move, which was counteracted by the restoring force of the wire from which the rod was suspended. By observing this motion, Cavendish was able to calculate the gravitational force and determine the mean density of the Earth.1