What educational work did Martin Buber do in Nazi Germany?

Under the Nazi regime, Martin Buber engaged in significant pedagogical work as a form of spiritual resistance against the exclusion of Jews from the German educational system. In November 1933, he became the head of the reopened Freies Jüdisches Lehrhaus in Frankfurt am Main, an institution dedicated to Jewish adult education.

By 1934, Buber served as the director of the entire organization responsible for Jewish adult education and the retraining of Jewish teachers across Nazi Germany. In this role, he acted as a courageous voice against the Nazi ideology of "blood and soil." He rejected racist (Völkisch) educational aims, instead advocating for a philosophy that required one to be "Jewish in a humane way." His efforts continued until the secret police eventually forbade his public lectures and all of his teaching activities, leading to his emigration to Palestine.1