What did Wilhelm Ostwald mean by energetics?

Wilhelm Ostwald used the term "energetics" to describe a metaphysical interpretation of the world based on the principles of thermodynamics.1

His concept of energetics was defined by two primary pillars:

• Primacy of Energy: Ostwald asserted that energy is the fundamental reality, viewing matter merely as a manifestation of energy. This position was developed in direct opposition to the scientific materialism prevalent at the time.1
• Empirical Positivism: He rejected theoretical concepts that lacked strict empirical foundations. This belief led him to oppose atomism for roughly 15 years, as he did not believe the atomic hypothesis was sufficiently supported by experimental evidence until 1909.1

Beyond physics and chemistry, Ostwald expanded energetics into a broader philosophy that encompassed sociology, psychology, and ethics. He formulated an "energetic imperative"—"Do not squander energy—utilize it!"—which guided his utilitarian approach to science and his active involvement in educational reform, international peace movements, and the standardization of scientific documentation.1