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What are the major types of Madonna and Child images in Byzantine art?
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Mary
Madonna and Child, oil and tempera on panel by Antonello da Messina, 1475; in the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
In Byzantine art, the depiction of the Madonna and Child served as a vital devotional tool, often positioned in churches to emphasize Mary's role as a mediator. The major types include:
- Nikopoia: An extremely regal image depicting the Madonna and Child enthroned, meaning "bringer of victory."1
- Hodēgētria: A standing Virgin holding the Child on her left arm, meaning "she who points the way."1
- Blacherniotissa: An intercessory image showing the Virgin alone in an orant (prayer) posture, with the Child depicted in a medallion on her breast.1
- Galaktotrophousa: A more intimate, less frequent type in which the Virgin nurses the Child.1
- Glykophilousa: An intimate representation where the Child caresses the Virgin's cheek while she appears to contemplate his future Passion.1
Additionally, the Virgin frequently appeared as an intercessor in the Deësis, a group where she and St. John the Baptist flank Christ.1