What are Johannes Kepler's three laws of planetary motion?

The German astronomer Johannes Kepler formulated three fundamental laws of planetary motion in the early 17th century, based on the precise observational data of Tycho Brahe. These laws describe the motion of planets around the Sun as follows:12

• First Law (Law of Ellipses): The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the Sun located at one of the two foci.123
• Second Law (Law of Equal Areas): A radial line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This implies that a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun (perihelion) and slower when it is farther away (aphelion).124
• Third Law (Harmonic Law): The square of the orbital period ($T^2$) of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis ($a^3$) of its orbit. This relationship allows for the calculation of a planet's distance from the Sun if its orbital period is known, and vice versa.123