Was Anthony van Dyck a student or a collaborator of Peter Paul Rubens?

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van Dyck, Anthony — Anthony van Dyck *Self-Portrait*, oil on canvas by Anthony Van Dyck, c. 1620–21; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. 119.7 × 87.9 cm.

Anthony van Dyck was both a student and a collaborator of Peter Paul Rubens, though the nature of their professional relationship evolved over time.

While van Dyck was clearly influenced by Rubens’s style early in his career, he eventually entered Rubens's studio as an assistant. By March 1620, Rubens explicitly referred to van Dyck as one of his "disciples." However, because van Dyck had already developed a fully mature and distinct personal style by that period, historians consider it more accurate to describe him as a collaborator of Rubens rather than merely a pupil.1