How many soldiers and ships did Xerxes I bring to Greece?

Modern scholars estimate that when Xerxes I crossed the Hellespont to invade Greece in 480 BCE, he brought an army of approximately 360,000 soldiers and a navy consisting of 700 to 800 ships.1

While historical estimates for the size of his land forces vary—with some sources suggesting a range of 70,000 to 300,000 soldiers—the expedition was characterized by its vast scale, requiring a large fleet to provision the army as it advanced along the coast. During the campaign, the Persian fleet also faced significant losses due to storms and combat, such as the destruction of 200 ships off the coast of Euboea. By the time of the Battle of Salamis, historical accounts note that the main Persian fleet numbered 1,207 ships.2345