How many northern campaigns did the Yongle emperor lead between 1410 and 1424?

Between 1410 and 1424, the Yongle emperor personally led five northern campaigns into the Gobi Desert. These military expeditions were primarily directed against the Tatar leader Aruqtai, though they also targeted Oirat and Urianghad groups. While these campaigns resulted in only a few battles and indecisive victories, they were strategically significant in preventing the formation of a large-scale Mongol confederation that could have posed a serious threat to China.1