How do Emma Bovary’s debts lead to her death?

In Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Emma Bovary’s financial ruin serves as the catalyst for her tragic end. Driven by a desire for an idealized life that ignores material reality, Emma accumulates massive debts that eventually spiral out of control.1

When she faces the imminent threat of financial ruin and the public exposure of her private affairs, she desperately seeks financial assistance from her former lovers, Rodolphe and Léon. After they both refuse to help her, Emma finds herself with no remaining options to resolve her predicament. Faced with the collapse of her romantic fantasies and the harsh reality of her situation, she chooses to commit suicide by swallowing arsenic, resulting in a painful death.1