How did the rough crossing to Calais inspire J.M.W. Turner’s Calais Pier?

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J.M.W. Turner: The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken Up, 1838 — J.M.W. Turner *The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken Up, 1838*, oil on canvas by J.M.W. Turner, 1839; in the National Gallery, London.

During his first trip to the European continent in 1802, J.M.W. Turner experienced a particularly rough crossing to Calais. This challenging journey served as the direct inspiration for his painting Calais Pier (1802–03), which he created as a vivid record of his arrival and the intense conditions he encountered at sea.1