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How did the rise of the Assyrian Empire threaten Judah and Israel?

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The prophet Isaiah — Isaiah Miniature of Isaiah, manuscript illumination from *The Siegburg Lectionary*, 12th century.

The rise of the Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III posed an existential threat to both Israel and Judah, characterized by military devastation, heavy tribute, and eventual annexation.12

Impact on Israel

The northern kingdom of Israel faced direct military aggression. After Israel joined an anti-Assyrian coalition, the Assyrians devastated its territories in Galilee and Gilead. Following an abortive revolt under King Hoshea, the Assyrians besieged and captured the capital, Samaria, in 722 BCE. The kingdom was annexed as an Assyrian province, and its elite population was deported to Mesopotamia and Media, effectively ending the northern kingdom's existence.12

Impact on Judah

Judah’s relationship with Assyria was marked by forced vassalage and conflict:
* Vassalage: When Israel and Damascus attempted to force Judah into an anti-Assyrian coalition, King Ahaz sought protection from Assyria, resulting in Judah becoming a vassal state.13
* Rebellion and Siege: Under King Hezekiah, Judah participated in rebellions against Assyrian rule. In 701 BCE, Sennacherib overran Judah, capturing 46 walled cities and demanding the surrender of Jerusalem. While Jerusalem was spared, the kingdom suffered significant territorial losses and was forced to pay heavy tributes.3