How did the jihad contribute to the creation of the emirates of Adamawa and Ilorin?

The jihad initiated by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 served as a catalyst for a widespread religious and political movement that drew various regions into a unified caliphate centered in Sokoto. The creation of the emirates of Adamawa and Ilorin occurred as the call to jihad resonated with local Fulani scholars and Muslim intellectuals across diverse territories.12

• Adamawa: This emirate was established in 1809 by Modibbo Adama, who launched a jihad in the region under the authority of Usman dan Fodio. Originally known as Fumbina, it became the easternmost emirate of the Fulani empire, maintaining its autonomy while paying annual tribute to the caliphs at Sokoto.3
• Ilorin: The creation of this emirate was linked to a rebellion against the Oyo empire. In 1817, the governor of Ilorin sought aid from Fulani and Hausa allies to rebel against the king of Oyo. Following the assassination of the governor, the son of the Fulani scholar Mallam Alimi became the emir and pledged allegiance to the Sokoto caliphate around 1829.14