How did the fall of Napoleon’s empire affect Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres’s work in Italy?

The fall of the Napoleonic empire in 1815 brought an abrupt end to a period of relative prosperity for Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, who had been establishing himself in Italy as a portraitist for Napoleonic officials and dignitaries. Following the French evacuation of Rome, Ingres chose to remain in Italy but found himself in desperate need of work.1

To support himself, he resorted to executing small-scale portrait drawings of English and other tourists. Although these works are now among his most widely admired, Ingres himself scorned them as mere "potboilers" because he aspired to be recognized for grand history painting. During this time, he also emerged as a master of the "troubadour" genre, creating paintings of medieval and Renaissance subjects that were often criticized by contemporaries who viewed his style as primitive.1