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How did the Treaty of San Germano end Frederick II’s first excommunication?
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Frederick II
Frederick II, bust, c. 13th century; in the collection of the Museo Provinciale Campano, Capua, Italy.
The Treaty of San Germano, signed in July 1230, served as a diplomatic resolution that ended Frederick II’s first excommunication. Following his return from the Holy Land, where he had successfully negotiated the acquisition of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth, Frederick found that papal troops had invaded the Kingdom of Sicily.
After he reconquered the lost territories but refrained from attacking the Papal States, his diplomatic efforts led to the treaty. As a result of the agreement, he was formally absolved from excommunication the following month at Ceprano.1