How did the Council of Trent respond to Martin Luther’s teaching on justification by faith alone?

The Council of Trent, convened by Pope Paul III, responded to Martin Luther’s teaching on justification by faith alone by formally rejecting it.12

While Protestant reformers insisted that justification is achieved by grace alone through faith, the Council of Trent defined the Roman Catholic position by anathematizing the "either/or" doctrine of faith alone. Instead, the council established a "both/and" doctrine, affirming that justification involves both faith and works, grounded in the authority of both Scripture and tradition. This decision served as a definitive adjudication of the doctrine, drawing clear lines of opposition between Roman Catholic and Protestant theology for centuries to come.123