How did the Concordat of Bologna change the French king’s role in choosing bishops?

The Concordat of Bologna, negotiated in 1516 between King Francis I and Pope Leo X, significantly altered the selection process for high-ranking clergy in France.12

Under this agreement, the French king was granted the formal power to nominate candidates for bishops, abbots, and priors. While the pope retained the right to veto these nominations and continued to appoint candidates to certain specific benefices in curia, the king’s influence became dominant. In practice, the monarch's choice was considered tantamount to an appointment, effectively giving the French crown substantial control over the church within its borders. This arrangement superseded the earlier Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges and regulated church-state relations in France for the next 275 years.12