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How did the Bulgarians help Leo III defeat the Arab besiegers?
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Leo III
Leo III, gold solidus from Constantinople, 717–741.
During the Arab siege of Constantinople (717–718), the Bulgarians provided critical assistance to Emperor Leo III by launching a military assault against the Arab forces that had encamped in Thrace. This intervention, combined with the use of Greek fire, a harsh winter, and desertions from the Arab fleet, forced the Arab commander Maslamah ibn ʿAbd al-Malik to abandon the siege.12