How did rheumatism affect Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s later life and work?

Beginning in 1894, Pierre-Auguste Renoir suffered from increasingly frequent attacks of rheumatism, which significantly impacted his mobility and physical health. By 1910, he was no longer able to walk, eventually settling permanently in Cagnes to benefit from the warmer climate of southern France.1

Despite these physical constraints, Renoir remained deeply committed to his art. As his condition progressed and his fingers lost their suppleness, he adapted by binding his paintbrush directly to his hand to continue painting. His later work shifted toward more personal and intimate themes, including portraits of his family, his maid, and still lifes featuring flowers and fruits from his garden.1

His nude paintings from this period are noted for their serenity, reflecting the peace he found in his creative process. Furthermore, when he could no longer perform sculpture himself, he directed the young artist Richard Guino to execute works that maintained the distinct qualities of his personal style. Throughout his decline, Renoir’s art continued to embody a cheerful and resilient attitude toward life.1