How did local Mongol and Chinese nobles oppose Yelü Chucai’s reforms?
Local Mongol and Chinese nobles opposed Yelü Chucai's reforms because they were accustomed to ruling independently within their own appanages and exploiting them as they pleased. Yelü Chucai, a statesman of Khitan extraction, advised Genghis Khan and his son Ögödei. He established a formal bureaucracy and a rationalized taxation system for Mongol-controlled China. His reforms included creating the Central Secretariat to centralize civilian administration and dividing the territory into provinces responsible for regularized taxation, including land and poll taxes, as well as sales taxes. Monopolies on wine, vinegar, salt, and mining products were also introduced, which significantly increased the Mongol court's wealth. However, these changes threatened the established power and autonomy of the Mongol feudatories and certain Chinese, Juchen, and Khitan nobles, leading to their opposition.12