How did famine and disease affect Sudan between 1889 and 1892?

Between 1889 and 1892, the Sudan experienced its most devastating and difficult period due to a combination of factors following the Mahdist state's exhaustion of its resources on jihad.

The crisis was primarily driven by a sequence of bad harvests, which resulted in widespread famine, the spread of epidemic disease, and significant loss of life. During these years, the Sudanese population struggled to survive on severely shriveled crops and emaciated herds. Conditions only began to improve after 1892, when harvests recovered and food supplies stabilized.12