How did depictions of Mary change between Byzantine art and Renaissance art?

Depictions of the Virgin Mary evolved significantly from the rigid, theological focus of Byzantine art to the naturalistic and humanistic approach of the Renaissance.

In Byzantine tradition, images of the Madonna were primarily iconic and ceremonial, designed to emphasize her role as the Theotokos (Mother of God) and a mediator between Christ and the congregation. These works often featured formal, regal poses—such as the nikopoia or hodēgētria—frequently set against symbolic gold backgrounds to highlight their divine significance.12

During the Renaissance, while religious themes remained central, the influence of humanism shifted the focus toward naturalism and emotional depth. Renaissance artists moved away from the stylized, anonymous Byzantine models, instead placing the Madonna and Child within observable, earthly landscapes. While many compositions were still modeled on earlier types, such as the glykophilousa, Renaissance depictions often emphasized the humanity and tenderness of the figures. Artists like Sandro Botticelli further refined these images by imbuing Mary with a sense of pensive, inward mood, blending traditional religious devotion with a new intellectual and individualistic artistic pursuit.213