How did Xerxes I put down the revolt in Egypt?

Upon his accession to the Persian throne in 486 BCE, Xerxes I faced a revolt in Egypt that had been led by a usurper for two years. To suppress the uprising, Xerxes employed significantly harsher methods than his predecessor, Darius I.1

In 484 BCE, Xerxes personally led a campaign to ravage the Delta and chastise the Egyptian population. Following this military suppression, he reduced Egypt to the status of a conquered province rather than a kingdom personally united with the empire. He abandoned the traditional title of "king of Egypt," appointed his brother Achaemenes as satrap, and largely excluded Egyptians from high administrative positions. These actions earned him the reputation among Egyptians as the "criminal Xerxes".12