How did William Congreve’s comedies differ from Ben Jonson’s comedy of humours?

William Congreve’s work represents the pinnacle of the English comedy of manners, which, while rooted in the structural traditions established by Ben Jonson, differs significantly in focus and tone.123

The Jonsonian Foundation

Jonson’s comedy of humours focused on characters dominated by a single psychological idiosyncrasy or "humour," which rendered them as caricatures or "types". His plays were often didactic, using these eccentric characters to hold a mirror up to society’s follies and vices to encourage improvement.413

Congreve’s Departure

In contrast, Congreve’s comedies—such as The Way of the World—evolved beyond simple typification:23

• Thematic Focus: While Jonson’s comedy often examined general social vices, Congreve’s work centered on the "game of love" within fashionable, courtly society, exploring the tension between primitive human nature and the artificial constraints of social decorum.3
• Character Depth: Congreve moved toward more nuanced, humane portraiture. He was subtler than his contemporaries, possessing a deeper feeling for the individual that transcended the mechanical "humour" types.52
• Style and Wit: Congreve is distinguished by the perfection of his phrasing and the delicacy of his feeling. His dialogue is noted for being precise, musical, and replete with sense and satire, elevating the comedy of manners to a level of sophistication that prioritized grace and wit.25