How did Voltaire’s approach to history differ from histories focused only on wars and kings?

Voltaire’s approach to history represented a significant departure from traditional narratives that focused primarily on the actions of kings and the conduct of wars. While he acknowledged the importance of political figures, he argued that a modern historian must look beyond mere dates and military events to provide a comprehensive view of human development.1

In his contributions to the Encyclopédie, Voltaire emphasized that history should incorporate an analysis of customs, commerce, finance, agriculture, and population. His work, particularly the Essai sur les moeurs, was a pioneering attempt at "universal history." Rather than centering solely on European monarchs, he examined diverse civilizations—including those of ancient China, India, Persia, and the Arab world—to study every aspect of human life.1

By shifting the focus toward the evolution of society and culture, Voltaire became a foundational figure for the "total histories" and "histories of everyday life" that emerged in the 20th century. He believed that history should serve as a tool for progress, arguing that by studying the past, one could learn to reject the follies of war and the constraints of superstition.1