How did Stanley Kubrick adapt Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange?

Stanley Kubrick adapted Anthony Burgess’s novel A Clockwork Orange into a 1971 film by writing the screenplay himself and maintaining a visually stunning, albeit brutal and cynical, interpretation of the source material.12

Key aspects of his adaptation include:

• Source Material: Kubrick adhered to the American edition of the novel, which notably excludes the final, redeeming chapter found in the original British publication.1
• Casting: He cast Malcolm McDowell as the protagonist, a violence-addicted teenager who undergoes state-sponsored aversion therapy.2
• Reception and Controversy: The film was highly provocative and earned an X rating in the United States due to its excessive violence and sexually explicit scenes. It polarized critics and became the subject of significant controversy in Britain, where it was eventually pulled from distribution following reports of real-world crimes allegedly inspired by the movie.2

Despite the controversy, the film was a critical success, earning Academy Award nominations for best picture, best director, and best screenplay.2