How did Spinoza explain physical objects and minds as modes of the same substance?

In his metaphysics, Benedict de Spinoza posited that there is only one infinite substance, which he identified as God or Nature. Within this framework, he explained that physical objects and minds are not distinct, interacting entities, but rather different "modes" of this single substance.123

Spinoza categorized these modes based on the attributes through which humans perceive reality:
* Extension: Physical entities are modes of substance understood through the attribute of extension (the quality of having spatial dimensions).24
* Thought: Mental entities are modes of substance understood through the attribute of thought.24

Because both are expressions of the same underlying reality, Spinoza argued that there is no problem of causal interaction between mind and body; they are simply different aspects of the same events. While the one substance is eternal and "nature-creating" (natura naturans), these individual modes are transitory and "nature-created" (natura naturata).24