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How did Socratesâ reputation change during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
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Socrates
Herm of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, from a Greek original, second half of the 4th century bce; in the Capitoline Museums, Rome.
During the Middle Ages, the reputation of Socrates reached its lowest point, as he was largely viewed merely as an Athenian figure who had been condemned to death.1
However, his standing shifted significantly during the Renaissance. As Greek textsâincluding the works of Plato, the Stoics, and the Skepticsâbecame increasingly available, Socratesâ personality and thought began to play a vital role in European philosophy. During this period, comparisons between Socrates and Christ became common, and his "divine sign" sparked controversy regarding whether he was divinely inspired or simply possessed an intuitive grasp of virtue.1