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How did Richelieu encourage French manufacturing and economic self-sufficiency?

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Full-length portrait of Cardinal Richelieu by Philippe de Champaigne, showing him in red clerical robes holding a red book, standing beside a balustrade with a draped curtain behind. — Cardinal Richelieu As both statesman and churchman, Cardinal Richelieu was the acknowledged architect of France's greatness in the 17th century. In 1640, when this full-length portrait was painted (likely by Philippe de Champaigne), he was embroiled in a dispute with the pope and other religious controversies along with many other consequences of expanding French power across Europe. He would die two years later, facing conspiracies against his life and suffering ill health.

Cardinal Richelieu promoted French economic self-sufficiency by focusing on domestic production and reducing reliance on foreign imports. Influenced by the theories of Antoine de Montchrestien, he sought to conserve national wealth by discouraging the import of luxury goods while actively promoting industries that provided France with an export advantage, such as glassmaking, tapestry, silk, linen, and woolen cloth production.12

To further these economic goals, Richelieu:
* Expanded Trade and Colonization: He planned canal systems and granted privileges to companies that established colonies in the West Indies, Africa, and the Americas.13
* Strengthened Maritime Infrastructure: He laid the foundations for the French navy by purchasing ships from the Dutch and developed shipping connections with the Baltic to protect these trading and colonial interests.12
* Regulated Industry: Under his authority, the Code Michaud of 1629 was promulgated, which aimed to standardize weights and measures and regulate trade, industry, and companies.1

While his economic policies were sometimes considered improvisational, they reflected his pragmatic approach to strengthening the French state.1