How did Raphael use perspective to organize the School of Athens?

In the School of Athens, Raphael utilized linear perspective to create an ordered, stable, and majestic architectural space. By employing a sophisticated arrangement of pilasters and barrel vaults—inspired by Donato Bramante’s design for St. Peter’s Basilica—he established a clear sense of depth and equilibrium.12

Raphael controlled the placement of figures through an interweaving and interlocking pattern, where the poses and gestures of various groups lead the viewer's eye across the composition. This movement culminates at the central figures of Plato and Aristotle, who are positioned at the converging point of the perspectival space. This technique effectively organizes the complex allegory of secular knowledge, ensuring that the diverse gathering of philosophers remains unified within a harmonious and balanced environment.12